Israel’s cross border military campaign intensified in 2025, with the launch of attacks in at least six countries and three international maritime zones, despite mounting accusations of genocide and systematic war crimes in Gaza.
Israel expanded the scope of its military operations far beyond its borders throughout 2025, carrying out air strikes, drone raids, missile attacks, and maritime interceptions from the Levant to the Gulf.
Conflict monitoring data and public reports recorded operations in at least six countries, alongside attacks in the territorial waters of Tunisia, Malta, and Greece that targeted humanitarian vessels bound for Gaza.
The non profit organization Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED), UN agencies, and medical authorities attribute tens of thousands of deaths and injuries to these operations, with Gaza bearing the heaviest toll.
Palestine: Gaza and the West Bank
Gaza remained the epicenter of Israel’s war effort and the primary theater of a genocide case pending before the International Court of Justice.
Israel attacked the area at least 8.332 times from the start of the year through 5 December, according to ACLED.
These included bombardment of residential areas, strikes on schools and hospitals used as shelters, as well as repeated attacks near aid distribution points.
Meanwhile, ceasefire violations continued despite the ceasefire that came into force in October, brokered by the United States.
More than two million people have been displaced, some more than 10 times, and much of the civilian infrastructure of the Gaza Strip has been reduced to rubble.
Local health authorities estimate that more than 71.000 Palestinians were killed in Gaza, the majority of them women and children.
UN agencies report that famine conditions were imposed through controlled restrictions on aid delivery and deliberate targeting of food supply chains.
In the West Bank, more than 900 Israeli operations and a sharp increase in settler violence led to at least 227 Palestinian deaths and thousands of injuries.
Jenin, Nablus, and Tulkarem were hit hardest by Israeli raids amid a surge in attacks by extremist Jewish settlers. UN observers recorded more than 350 violent incidents in November alone.
Israel continued to strike Lebanon despite the ceasefire agreement with Hezbollah in November 2024.
ACLED recorded 1.653 attacks by early December, with some figures approaching 1.846 by the end of the year.
Strikes hit southern Lebanon, the Bekaa Valley, and the southern suburbs of Beirut, including residential zones.
UNIFIL reports more than 10.000 violations of Lebanon’s sovereignty, including near daily airspace violations.
At least 331 people have been killed and more than 945 injured, including civilians.
Iran
Israel launched 379 attacks against Iran, most during a twelve day operation in June that struck nuclear facilities, bases of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), and residential areas across 28 provinces.
Approximately 1.190 people were killed and more than 4.000 injured in the attacks.
Iranian authorities report that 40% of the dead were civilians.
The United States participated in several raids.
Tehran condemned the attacks as aggression violating international law, with many regional leaders warning at the time that the assault risked igniting a regional war.
Syria
More than 600 Israeli attacks were recorded in Syria, targeting military installations, transit routes, and alleged armed groups across Damascus, Quneitra, and Daraa.
The escalation followed the collapse of the Assad government in late 2024.
More than 150 were killed and hundreds injured, according to a tally of attacks this year.
Syrian officials accused Israel of seeking to create a permanent military security zone and entrench control in areas near the occupied Golan Heights.
Yemen
Israel launched 48 attacks in Yemen, primarily in areas controlled by the Houthis, including Sanaa and Hodeidah.
At least 120 people were killed and several hundred injured.
The strikes hit airports, ports, fuel depots, and civilian infrastructure. Local authorities reported the use of cluster munitions in populated areas.
Israel claimed the operations targeted Houthi missile positions, but human rights groups and the UN repeatedly documented civilian casualties.
Qatar
Qatar was struck for the first time in its modern history when Israel bombed the Luqtaifiya area of Doha on 9 September, targeting Hamas officials meeting in a Qatari government residential complex.
The gathering was convened to review a new ceasefire proposal for Gaza submitted by the United States, Qatar, and Egypt.
Six people were killed, including an officer of Qatar’s Internal Security Force and five Palestinian nationals, while several others were injured.
Qatar described the attack as state terrorism and suspended its mediating role before the United States intervened to broker a diplomatic reset.
Attacks in international waters
Israeli forces also targeted humanitarian flotillas attempting to deliver aid to Gaza.
Human rights organizations say these operations violate maritime law and the protections afforded to humanitarian missions.
Malta
On 2 May, the aid ship Conscience was struck twice by unmanned aerial vehicles in international waters off the coast of Malta, approximately 14 nautical miles from Valletta.
The vessel, which was preparing to join a humanitarian aid flotilla to Gaza, sustained damage to its generators and life support systems.
A fire broke out and the hull was breached before emergency crews stabilized the ship.
Four people were injured, as Malta confirmed the incident and assisted the crew.
Israel did not comment publicly.
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